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New York and London: Routledge Publish Press,1990,p.. 20_(ue 1 g Re^lf\O0{ T0g R T0t^gbwSpe 0ux0Y hTlؚ 0Ns^IN[URv 0 0f[S 0,{2wS,{3g 1948t^7g ,{u0 UOO 0~W0WSfS 0 0 0-NVSxvz 0 1998t^,{3g ,{u0 2 eƖe^lf\O0{ T0eƖ0eƖ T0QHr>y0QHrt^0ux0Y Wc n 0vbQhVs`N2mvSs |QeS Od 00Wc nW 02mS 0 -NV>yOyf[QHr>y 1997t^Hr ,{u0 [l]4bN 0feLqTTjuQ,gveNxvz 0 [l]"TI{W ?fы 0lVf[feLqf[e  0 -NNSfN@\ 1993t^ ,{u0 3 b~e^lf\O0{ T0b~ Ty0QHrt^ge0Hrpe0Y" ^_ 0R f[`Nve` 0 0Nleb 01998t^12g25e ,{10Hr0 4 *g Rf[MOe^lf\O0e T0e\OUSMO0t^N0ux0Y hTx 00VyXƖ 0Slxvz 0 S~n-Nck'Yf[-Nexvz@bZSXe 2000t^ ,{u0 5 ee^lf\O0{ T{ TRS_S 0fN R TeSOh:y 0wSS0ux0Y Paul Pelliot Le Chou-king et le Chang-chou che-wen In mmoires concernant l Asie orientale vol.2 p. 30_(uNTQbpenc^\OT ^lfQ@Wbpenc^\OTe0 N0 TNe.s(W,ge-NQ!kQse SweuQHrOo`0Y 0uYO^ 0NKf?el 0 ,{u0 __SSe.sfNQyTQHrt^0e{lf{ T0\O0 Rir TSt^g0 V0_(uYefN R cgqVE N~NvĉR0 Y 10SM| N ~ 0k׋ckIN 0 T[ SN-NNSfN@\ 0AS N~lu 0,g1980t^ 0 N S 0 NV_ 0 H[W ~gKNl SN-NNSfN@\ 1982t^0  N P[ 0Ğ^ }upg~ 0 ZO T Nwm NwmfN^ 0VN RR 0,g0 V Ɩ 0)nVecklQeƖ 0 SlIQ Nwm NwmfN^ 0VN RR 0,g0 20NNW B }v[]_ 0f[ekƖ 0 SN NTfN^ 1978t^0 C H[j` 0[gXƖ 0 Nwm NwmSM|QHr>y 1980t^0 D kepg 0kepgfeLqwzz/geƖ 0 pQ]uNlQHr>y 1994t^0 F e^  0-NVQ,g'Yυ~xvz 0 Nwm NwmSM|QHr>y 2006t^0 & & Y hgh 0y_E\ёw 0 SNyf[QHr>y 1959t^0 Z z*Yp 0z*YphQƖ 0 Nwm NwmNlQHr>y 1985t^0 30YeVfN Croft William1990Typology and UniversalsCambridgeCambridge University Press Pulleyblank E.G. 1984 Middle Chinese UBC Press. 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